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Genetics, plainly.

Explainers and deep-dives on the science behind your DNA report — methylation, neurotransmitters, polygenic risk, and what to actually do about them.

Illustration contrasting some people showing a neutral trait with different degrees of the trait among affected people

Featured

Penetrance vs Expressivity: The Difference

Learn how genetic penetrance differs from variable expressivity, why both depend on context, and what a consumer raw DNA file cannot tell you alone.

October 20, 2026 · 4 min read

Illustration of selected SNP microarray markers flowing into a raw genotype file table.

snps explained

SNP Microarray: What Raw DNA Files Measure

Learn how SNP microarrays create selected marker calls, what appears in a raw DNA file, and why those rows are not a full clinical genome result.

October 13, 2026 · 5 min read

population frequency

Allele Frequency: How Common a DNA Variant Is

Learn what allele frequency means in raw DNA reports, why population context matters, and how to avoid treating frequency as a personal diagnosis.

October 12, 2026 · 5 min read

Fictional raw DNA row beside a penetrance diagram showing some carriers expressing a trait and others not

clinical genetics

Genetic Penetrance: What a DNA Variant Can Mean

Learn what genetic penetrance means, why a variant may not lead to a trait, and how to review raw DNA findings without overreading them.

October 10, 2026 · 5 min read

raw dna

Genetic Variants: What Raw DNA Files Can Show

Learn what genetic variants are, how they appear in raw DNA files, and why a marker, genotype, and clinical interpretation are separate things.

October 9, 2026 · 5 min read

Teaching example linking fictional genotype inputs to an 80th-percentile ranking and checks for model, reference population and validation

polygenic risk

Polygenic Risk Score: How to Read a DNA Risk Estimate

Understand polygenic risk scores, percentiles, ancestry limits and raw DNA requirements, with a checklist for evaluating a report before acting on it.

October 8, 2026 · 6 min read

methylation

CpG DNA Methylation and Raw DNA Files Explained

Learn what CpG DNA methylation means, how it differs from inherited genotype data, and why consumer raw DNA files need separate context.

October 6, 2026 · 5 min read

Fictional raw DNA rows comparing AA as homozygous and AG as heterozygous, with a reminder to interpret the marker, not the label alone.

snps explained

Homozygous vs Heterozygous Genotypes in Raw DNA

Compare homozygous and heterozygous genotype calls in raw DNA data, with examples, limits, and the context needed before interpreting a marker.

October 3, 2026 · 5 min read

methylation

DNA Methylation Genes: What Raw DNA Can Show

Learn which methylation-related genes may appear in a consumer raw DNA file, what those variants can and cannot tell you, and when lab testing matters.

October 2, 2026 · 7 min read

Fictional A and G alleles labeled heterozygous beside matching A and A alleles labeled homozygous.

snps explained

Heterozygous Genotype: Reading Two Different Alleles

Learn what a heterozygous genotype means in a raw DNA row, how it differs from homozygous, and why the label alone does not establish a health finding.

September 24, 2026 · 4 min read

Illustrative selected marker positions beside overlapping sequence reads, with neither shown as a personal result.

snps explained

Genotyping vs Sequencing: What Your DNA File Contains

Compare array genotyping and DNA sequencing by coverage, output and limitations, then check what an existing raw DNA file can actually support.

September 22, 2026 · 4 min read

Four paired bases show 5-prime AGTC 3-prime opposite 3-prime TCAG 5-prime with arrows in opposing directions.

snps explained

DNA Strand Orientation: Why Genotype Letters Can Differ

Understand plus and minus strands, complementary allele letters, and the reference checks needed before deciding that two raw DNA results disagree.

September 18, 2026 · 4 min read